ArticleNPJ Parkinson's disease2025
Parkinson's disease is characterized by vitamin B6-dependent inflammatory kynurenine pathway dysfunction.
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Article in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vitamin B6 produced by gut microbiome regulates host behavioral phenotypes through dopaminergic metabolism.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Cellular and systemic modifiers of alpha-synuclein proteostasis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Tryptophan Metabolism in Digestive and Extra-Digestive Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Physiological levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine alter mitochondrial function and morphology in neuronal cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Shared functional microbiome signatures in Parkinson's disease and constipation predominate irritable bowel syndrome despite taxonomic divergence.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Central and Peripheral Characterization of Key Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Mexican Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tryptophan metabolism alterations in neurological and psychiatric diseases: Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological targets.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Modulation of the Kynurenine Pathway: A New Approach for Treating Neurodegeneration.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Parkinson's disease: spatiotemporal regulation and therapeutic prospects of TREM2-mediated microglial responses.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The kynurenine pathway in depression and schizophrenia: convergent signals, divergent states, and clinical signatures.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- TREM2 as a central hub of neuroimmune-metabolic crosstalk in central nervous system disorders: from microglial biology to therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Mediators of Exercise-Induced Mood Enhancement, Fatigue Resistance, and Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Persons With Multiple Sclerosis Reveal Distinct Kynurenine Pathway Metabolite Patterns: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Vitamin B-6 Deficiency Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior in Sprague-Dawley Rats by Disrupting Gut Homeostasis.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Neuronutrition and Nrf2 Brain Resilience Signaling: Epigenomics and Metabolomics for Personalized Medicine in Nervous System Disorders from Bench to Clinic.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Parkinson's Disease Through the Lens of Metabolomics: A Targeted Systematic Review on Human Studies (2019-2024).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Kynurenine Pathway Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights for Disease Modulation and Therapy.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
34 authors.
Edward N WilsonNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. enwilson@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0640-5247
Jacob UmansNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-5573
Michelle S SwarovskiNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Paras S MinhasNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Justin H MendiolaNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Øivind MidttunBevital, Bergen, Norway.
Arve UlvikBevital, Bergen, Norway.
Marian Shahid-BesantiNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Patricia LinortnerNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Siddhita D MhatreNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Qian WangNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Divya ChannappaNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nicole K CorsoNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-5617
Lu TianBiomedical Data Science and Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Carolyn A FredericksNeurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Geoffrey A KerchnerPharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Edward D PloweyPathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Brenna CholertonNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-987X
Per M UelandBevital, Bergen, Norway.
Cyrus P ZabetianVA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-4306
Nora E GrayNeurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
Joseph F QuinnNeurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
Thomas J MontinePathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sharon J ShaNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Frank M LongoNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
David A WolkNeurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Alice Chen-PlotkinNeurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Victor W HendersonNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Tony Wyss-CorayNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Anthony D WagnerWu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Elizabeth C MorminoNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nima AghaeepourBiomedical Data Science and Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-8764
Kathleen L PostonNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-7143
Katrin I AndreassonNeurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. kandreas@stanford.edu.
Funding
Translational Research Support CoreP30ES013508 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI A. Clementina Mesaros · 2006 to 2026
$35.3MStanford Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterAdmin Supp: Developing iPSC models for AD and PDP30AG066515 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Lisa Goldman Rosas · 2020 to 2026
$29.0MResearch Education ComponentP30AG066518 · NIA · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI KEVIN M DUFF, Lisa C Silbert · 2020 to 2026
$28.6MResearch Education ComponentP30AG072979 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI DAVID A WOLK · 2021 to 2026
$24.8MUdall Center Director's meeting poster awardP50NS062684 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI MONTINE, THOMAS J · 2009 to 2020
$18.3MProject IV: In Vivo Dissection of Genetic Modifiers on Different Stages of SynucleinopathyP01AG084497 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Kelvin C Luk · 2024 to 2026
$15.2MHippocampal-dependent memory decline in aging and early Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG074339 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI ELIZABETH MORMINO · 2022 to 2026
$6.0MThe impact of early Tau pathology on cognitive progression and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's diseaseR01NS115114 · NINDS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI ANDREASSON, KATRIN I., POSTON, KATHLEEN LOMBARD · 2019 to 2023
$4.2MTargeting the kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG048232 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI ANDREASSON, KATRIN I. · 2014 to 2018
$2.4MUnderstanding biomarkers of cognitive decline in Lewy body diseasesR37NS115139 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI ALICE S CHEN-PLOTKIN · 2024 to 2026
$2.2MMachine Learning for Integrative Modeling of the Immune System in Clinical SettingsR35GM138353 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI AGHAEEPOUR, NIMA · 2020 to 2024
$2.2MRegulation of immune cell metabolism in aging and Alzheimer's disease: role of the kynurenine pathwayRF1AG058047 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI ANDREASSON, KATRIN I. · 2017 to 2017
$2.0MAmerican Heart Association (American Heart Association, Inc.) 19PABHI34580007Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (Michael J. Fox Foundation) 6440.0NIA NIH HHS P01 AG084497NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066515NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066518NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072979NIA NIH HHS R01 AG074339NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES013508NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM138353NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS115114NINDS NIH HHS R37 NS115139U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) K23NS075097U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30AG066515U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30AG066518U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AG048076U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AG048232U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AG074339U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01NS115114U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R35GM138353U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) RF1AG058047U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) RO1NS115139U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) U24 AG21886U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) P50NS062684
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with dysregulated metabolic flux through the kynurenine pathway (KP), in which tryptophan is converted to kynurenine (KYN), and KYN is subsequently metabolized to neuroactive compounds quinolinic acid (QA) and kynurenic acid (KA). Here, we used mass-spectrometry to compare blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) KP metabolites between 158 unimpaired older adults and 177 participants with PD. We found increased neuroexcitatory QA/KA ratio in both plasma and CSF of PD participants associated with peripheral and cerebral inflammation and vitamin B
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