Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40285615›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025

Self-Catalyzed Chemically Coalescing Liquid Metal Emulsions.

Stephanie F Zopf, Ramón E Sánchez Cruz, Chloe Kekedjian, Lu Ping, Javier M Morales Ferrer, Jean Paul Soto Aquino, Rongxuan Xie, Xi Ling, J William Boley

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Multifunctional Liquid Metal for Biomimicry Application.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
  3. Self-Catalyzed Chemically Coalescing Liquid Metal Emulsions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Stephanie F ZopfDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Ramón E Sánchez CruzDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Chloe KekedjianDepartment of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Lu PingDepartment of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Javier M Morales FerrerDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Jean Paul Soto AquinoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Rongxuan XieDepartment of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Xi LingDepartment of Materials Science, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
J William BoleyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 730 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0020-0988

Funding

Graduate Assistance in Areas of National NeedNational Defense Science and Engineering Graduate FellowshiopNational Science Foundation 2216008National Science Foundation CMMI-2047683National Science Foundation ECCS-2025158U.S. Air Force FA9550-20-1-0365U.S. Air Force FA9550-24-1-0073
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gallium-based liquid metal alloys (GaLMAs) have widespread applications ranging from soft electronics, energy devices, and catalysis. GaLMAs can be transformed into liquid metal emulsions (LMEs) to modify their rheology for facile patterning, processing, and material integration for GaLMA-based device fabrication. One drawback of using LMEs is reduced electrical conductivity owing to the oxides that form on the surface of dispersed liquid metal droplets. LMEs thus need to be activated by coalescing liquid metal droplets into an electrically conductive network, which usually involves techniques that subject the LME to harsh conditions. This study presents a way to coalesce these droplets through a chemical reaction at mild temperatures (T ∼ 80 °C). Chemical activation is enabled by adding halide compounds into the emulsion that chemically etch the oxide skin on the surface of dispersed droplets of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn). LMEs synthesized with halide activators can achieve electrical conductivities close to bulk liquid metal (2.4 × 10

Indexed as

catalysischemical coalescencechemical sinteringconductive inksemulsionshybrid 3D printingliquid metals

Identifiers

PMID40285615
PMCPMC12120753

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.