Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40284967›Full record

ArticleViruses2025

Recent Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Wild Boars and Other Ungulates in Japan.

Milagros Virhuez-Mendoza, Keita Ishijima, Kango Tatemoto, Yudai Kuroda, Yusuke Inoue, Ayano Nishino, Tsukasa Yamamoto, Akihiko Uda, Akitoyo Hotta, Hidenori Kabeya and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Milagros Virhuez-MendozaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-8357-2498
Keita IshijimaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Kango TatemotoDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Yudai KurodaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-7862-6658
Yusuke InoueDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Ayano NishinoDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.ORCID 0009-0005-7612-3749
Tsukasa YamamotoDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Akihiko UdaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Akitoyo HottaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-7579-2212
Hidenori KabeyaLaboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-4127-6287
Hiroshi ShimodaJoint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
Kazuo SuzukiHikiiwa Park Center, Wakayama 646-0051, Japan.
Tomoyoshi KomiyaFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan.ORCID 0009-0008-2931-3349
Junji SetoDepartment of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-2227-5315
Yuki IwashinaJapan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan.
Daisuke HiranoLivestock Hygiene Department, Aomori Prefecture Livestock Association, Aomori 030-0822, Japan.
Mikio SawadaGifu Veterinary Medical Association, Gifu 500-8385, Japan.
Sayuri YamaguchiKagawa Prefecture Livestock Association, Takamatsu 760-0023, Japan.
Fusayo HosakaGunma Prefecture Livestock Association, Maebashi 379-2147, Japan.
Ken MaedaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-3488-5439

Funding

Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare 21KA1003Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare 24KA0701
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen with multiple hosts, posing significant public health risks, especially in regions like Japan where game meat consumption is prevalent. This study investigated HEV infection and viral shedding in wild boars, sika deer, and Japanese serows across Japan. A total of 1896 serum samples were tested for anti-HEV antibodies, 1034 for HEV RNA, and 473 fecal samples for viral shedding. Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in wild boars from all seven prefectures studied, while HEV RNA was detected in wild boars from Fukuoka, Oita, and Miyazaki in southern Japan, as well as Yamaguchi prefecture. Genetic analysis revealed subtypes 3b, 4a, and 4g, with 3b being the most prevalent. Subtype 3b exhibited distinct geographical clustering, whereas 4g persisted exclusively in Yamaguchi for over 12 years. Infectious HEV particles were confirmed in wild boar feces, highlighting the risk of environmental contamination and zoonotic transmission. Sika deer showed no evidence of HEV infection, and only one Japanese serow tested positive for antibodies without detectable RNA. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance to assess the zoonotic risks from game meat consumption and prevention of HEV transmission to humans.

Indexed as

Hepatitis EHepatitis E virusSus scrofaSwine DiseasesAnimalsDeerFecesGenotypeHepatitis AntibodiesJapanPhylogenyRNA, ViralSwineVirus SheddingZoonosesHepatitis AntibodiesRNA, Viralgame meathepatitis E virusJapanese serowsika deerwild boar

Identifiers

PMID40284967
PMCPMC12031028

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.