Exploring the Interplay of Explant Origin and Culture Density on Olive Micropropagation Efficiency.

Apical dominance and culture heterogeneity significantly limit the efficiency of olive micropropagation, hindering the rapid production of plantlets. This study explores how manipulating the explant origin (topophysis) and density can mitigate these challenges. Explants originating from apical and middle sections were cultivated at densities of 18, 24, and 30 explants per vessel. After 12 weeks, significant differences in the growth parameters were observed based on the explant origin and density. The middle-section explants exhibited superior shoot proliferation and node production, especially at higher densities. The callus weight also increased with the density, while the internode length remained relatively stable. Hormone analysis demonstrated the density-dependent spatial distribution pattern of aromatic and isoprenoid cytokinins. Notably, at higher densities, the aromatic free bases in the apical-section leaves showed migration toward the shoot apices, while this migration was less pronounced in the middle-section leaves. Isoprenoid cytokinins displayed complex distribution patterns, with free bases and O-glucosides often increasing toward the basal nodes. These findings demonstrate that optimizing the explant origin and density can effectively reduce apical dominance and enhance culture homogeneity in olive micropropagation. This approach offers a promising strategy for improving the micropropagation protocols for olive and potentially other woody plants, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production of high-quality plantlets for commercial use.