ArticleBMC public health2025
Sexually transmitted infections in the non-European Union and European Economic Area of the World Health Organization European Region 2021-2023.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and associated factors of syphilis among female sex workers in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Re-emerging syphilis among women of reproductive age: temporal dynamics, demographic drivers, inequalities and projections to 2046.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Beyond Standard Culture: Diagnostic Value of Ureaplasma and Chlamydia in Women with UTI Symptoms.Medeniyet medical journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Research progress on the mechanisms of neurosyphilis' impact on cognitive function, early identification, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Determinates of STI prevention service utilisation among young and hard-to-reach populations: a protocol for a mixed-methods study in Foggia district, Italy, 2025.BMJ public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to be a significant public health challenge and have an impact on sexual and reproductive health. European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries report data annually on the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. No similar system exists for the non-EU/EEA countries in the WHO European Region, and therefore, the sub-regional overview was unclear due to the limited data availability and inconsistency.
methodsWe conducted a survey among 24 WHO member states in the WHO European Region that did not belong to the EU/EEA as of June 2024. The survey collected data on STI surveillance systems and numbers of reported cases of syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and LGV from 2021 to 2023.
resultsTwenty-one completed the survey, of which 19 (79%) agreed to publish their data. All 19 countries reported surveillance activities for syphilis, 18 for gonorrhoea and chlamydia, and 8 for LGV. The comprehensiveness and coverage of surveillance systems varied between countries and infections. Total cases reported increased from 13,553 to 17,113 (notification rate per 100,000 population 5.4 to 6.9) for syphilis and 12,001 to 13,067 (4.2 to 5.0) for gonorrhoea between 2021 and 2023, while chlamydia cases decreased from 32,556 to 27,802 (13.3 to 11.2). Only one to two LGV cases were reported per year. Various challenges were identified in antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea surveillance.
conclusionsIn non-EU/EEA countries, STI cases are likely to be underreported due to incomplete surveillance systems and other factors. Given the increase in the number of reported cases of syphilis and gonorrhoea between 2021 and 2023 and the significant public health consequences of untreated STIs, an accelerated joint effort to strengthen the surveillance systems of the non-EU/EEA countries is warranted to move towards ending epidemics of STIs in the WHO European Region by 2030.
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