Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40281286›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2025

Multimodal prognostication of autoimmune encephalitis: an Australian autoimmune encephalitis consortium study.

Nabil Seery, Robb Wesselingh, Paul Beech, James Broadley, Sarah Griffith, Tiffany Rushen, James Beharry, Caleb Tan, Noushin Chiniforoush, Laurie McLaughlin and 30 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

40 authors.

Nabil SeeryDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Robb WesselinghDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Paul BeechDepartment of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
James BroadleyDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sarah GriffithDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Tiffany RushenDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
James BeharryDepartment of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Caleb TanDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Noushin ChiniforoushDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Laurie McLaughlinDepartment of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Liora Ter HorstDepartment of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Mirasol ForcadelaDepartment of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Tracie TanDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Christina KazziDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Cassie NesbittDepartment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Katherine BuzzardDepartment of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Andrew DuncanDepartment of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Amy HallidayDepartment of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Wendyl D'SouzaDepartment of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Yang TranDepartment of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Anneke Van Der WaltDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Genevieve SkinnerDepartment of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Andrew SwayneDepartment of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Charles B MalpasDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Amy BrodtmannDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
David GillisDivision of Immunology, Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
Bruce TaylorDepartment of Neurology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Ernest G ButlerDepartment of Neurology, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
Tomas KalincikDepartment of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Udaya SeneviratneDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Richard MacdonellDepartment of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Stefan BlumDepartment of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Sudarshini RamanathanDepartment of Neurology and Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.
Stephen W ReddelDepartment of Neurology and Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.
Todd A HardyDepartment of Neurology and Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.
Terence J O'BrienDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Paul SanfilippoDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Helmut ButzkuevenDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Mastura MonifDepartment of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. mastura.monif@monash.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-9768
Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council APP1201062
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesTo identify factors predictive of a favourable modified Rankin score (mRS) at 12 months in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE). To evaluate predictors of a binary composite clinical-functional outcome measure, encompassing mRS, drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and memory impairment, at 12 months.

methodsUnivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses for predictors of a favourable mRS (i.e. mRS ≤ 2) and a composite clinical-functional outcome at 12 months were used.

resultsA total of 231 patients with AE were recruited. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors predictive of reduced odds of favourable mRS at 12 months were older age (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95, 0.98; p < 0.001), T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on initial MRI (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.13, 0.56; p < 0.001), RSE (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.06, 0.52; p = 0.002) and first-line immunotherapy failure (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.09, 0.37; p < 0.001). Anti-LGI1 antibody-mediated encephalitis relative to other subtypes (OR 4.46; 95% CI 1.55, 12.80; p = 0.006) was associated with a better 12-month mRS. We found concordant associations for a composite outcome at 12 months, with the addition of a diagnosis of definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis (AILE) predicting a poor outcome. DISCUSSION: Older age, MRI T2/FLAIR hyperintensity, RSE and first-line immunotherapy failure predicted worse mRS and composite clinical-functional outcome at 12 months, while a diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody-mediated encephalitis was associated with favourable outcomes. Our data highlight acute clinical factors predictive of a more severe clinical and functional course at 12 months.

Indexed as

Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous SystemEncephalitisHashimoto DiseaseAdolescentAdultAgedAustraliaAutoantibodiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisYoung AdultAutoantibodiesAutoimmune encephalitisLGI1Limbic encephalitisPrognostication

Identifiers

PMID40281286
PMCPMC12031909

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.