ArticleFamily medicine and community health2025
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with chemical intolerance.
Article in Family medicine and community health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Evaluation of the Wells score in predicting the incidence of stroke-associated pneumonia: the REMISE study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine if the COVID-19 pandemic had differential effects on individuals with chemical intolerances (CI). CI is characterised by multisystem symptoms initiated by a one-time high dose or persistent low-dose exposure to environmental toxins including chemicals, foods and drugs. With an estimated 20% US prevalence, symptoms include fatigue, headache, weakness, rash, mood changes, musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal issues, difficulties with memory, concentration and respiratory problems, which are similar to COVID-19 and its sequelae.
designA US population-based survey involving 7500 respondents was asked if they ever had COVID-19, what the severity was, and if they had long COVID-19. CI was assessed using the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory.
settingThe Center for Disease Control estimates that over 24 million have been infected with COVID-19 in the USA with over 6 700 000 being hospitalised and over 1 174 000 deaths. Other industrialised countries show similar numbers.
resultsThose in the High CI class reported a greater COVID-19 prevalence, symptom severity and long COVID-19 than in the medium and low CI groups (p<0.0001). These associations were independent of race, ethnicity, income, age and sex. However, there were significantly increased odds of COVID-19 severity among women and those over 45 years old. Asian individuals were least likely to have severe symptoms compared with white individuals (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.79). Black/African American individuals reported a lower prevalence of COVID-19 than non-Hispanic whites. However, one interaction between CI and race was significant, African Americans with high CI reported greater odds (OR=2.2; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.16) of reporting COVID-19 prevalence. Furthermore, African American individuals had significantly greater odds of increased symptom severity.
conclusionPrior studies show higher risk for COVID-19 among older age groups, male sex, those with pre-existing comorbidities (eg, challenged immunities) and those from minoritised racial/ethnic groups. The results of this study suggest that those with CI be included in a high-risk group. Various risk subsets may exist and future investigations could identify different risk subsets. Understanding these subgroups would be helpful in mounting targeted prevention efforts.
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