An Experimental Study to Assess the Ecotoxicity of Warfarin and Tinzaparin on Meiobenthic Amphipods: Original Taxonomic Data from Saudi Arabia and Computational Modeling.

In the current research, we examined the effects of warfarin (W1 = 5 mg/L and W2 = 25 mg/L) and tinzaparin (T1 = 5 mg/L and T2 = 25 mg/L) on meiofauna using microcosms. These microcosms were intentionally contaminated with both anticoagulants for one month. The findings indicated that nematodes and amphipods demonstrated the greatest resistance to the two anticoagulants evaluated. Specifically, the number of amphipods increased after exposure to the treatment that included T2. Following the separate introduction of each drug, amphipods displayed a taxonomic restructuring, with a more significant impact observed from T2 and T2W1. Results were derived from multivariate analyses of a compilation of sensitive amphipod taxa in response to tinzaparin and warfarin. In contrast, different species were identified as positive indicators for tinzaparin. Ultimately, the similarity between the control amphipod replicates and those subjected to mixed anticoagulants (T1W1 and T2W2) suggests that warfarin may have reduced the toxicity of tinzaparin. Additionally, the computational study indicated that warfarin interacts with 4XNN and forms strong molecular interactions with several key residues, which contribute to the toxicokinetic characteristics observed in the empirical findings.