Rheological Insight into the 3D Printability of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Hydrogels.

Itziar Insua, Oliver Etzold, Itxaso Calafel, Robert Aguirresarobe, Marcelo Calderón, Mercedes Fernández

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Preparation and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composite Films.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Itziar InsuaPOLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-1879-3112

Oliver EtzoldPOLYMAT and Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.

Itxaso CalafelPOLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-1033-3522

Robert AguirresarobePOLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.

Marcelo CalderónPOLYMAT and Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-2734-9742

Mercedes FernándezPOLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-7322-8001

Funding

Basque Governement 2024333015Ikerbasque gGIU21/033

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Direct Ink Writing (DIW) is an advanced additive manufacturing 3D-printing technique with significant potential for producing hydrogels in biomedical and engineering applications. This study presents a comprehensive rheological analysis of the yielding and recovery properties critical for ensuring the printability of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels incorporating atenolol, an antihypertensive agent, as the active ingredient. The viscoelastic properties under shear conditions were examined using Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) testing. To obtain both qualitative and quantitative insight into hydrogel dynamics, Lissajous-Bowditch plots and Fourier Transform (FT) coefficients were analyzed. The evaluation of stress signal anharmonicity and the decomposition of stress into its elastic and viscous components allowed for distinguishing structural evolution under flow among the tested hydrogels. Additionally, the analysis of the Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) during each deformation cycle provided deeper insight into oscillatory yielding behavior, emphasizing the role of elastic strains in determining printability. Overall, the study offers valuable understanding of the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of CMC-based hydrogels, providing a framework for optimizing hydrogel formulations in DIW applications.

Indexed as

3D printingFT and SPP rheologyhydrogelsviscoelasticityyield stress

Identifiers

PMID40277695

DOI10.3390/gels11040259

PMCPMC12027122

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.