Project RETAIN: Providing Integrated Care for People With HIV Who Use Cocaine.

Background: People with HIV (PWH) who use cocaine are less likely to achieve virologic suppression (<200 copies/mL) because of poor engagement in care. We tested the efficacy of an integrated substance use treatment and outpatient HIV care intervention on improving viral suppression in nonsuppressed PWH who use cocaine. Methods: Project RETAIN recruited 360 cocaine-using PWH who were not virologically suppressed in Miami, FL, and Atlanta, GA. Patients were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU) or the intervention, which included patient navigation and substance use treatment with motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The primary outcome assessed viral suppression at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results: There was no difference in viral suppression by group (TAU = 17.1%, intervention = 15.6%, Conclusions: Only a minority of PWH who used cocaine became virally suppressed over the 12-month study, with no effect of the integrated intervention. Patients in the intervention did have reduced psychological distress postintervention. Despite more substance use treatment in the intervention, both groups declined equally in substance use. Interventions that improve retention in care and viral suppression are needed for this vulnerable population, including those that address their other complex medical and psychosocial needs. ClinicalTrialsgov: NCT01614106.