ArticleOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2025
First autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 to humans in Spain.
Article in One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Infodemiology of West Nile Virus in Greece, 2024-2025, with Descriptive One Health Preparedness Evidence from Crete.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cocirculation of endemic and recently introduced West Nile Virus lineage 1 clades in Southern Spain.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Reframing West Nile Virus in Latin America: From Enzootic Evidence to Human Risk-Surveillance Gaps and One Health Actions.Viruses · 2026Review
- Genomic Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Paris.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Spanish West Nile virus isolates of lineages 1 and 2 elicit different patterns of infection in red-legged partridges.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) lineage 2, primarily endemic to parts of Africa and Europe, has recently emerged as a public health concern in new geographic regions. In 2024, the first autochthonous human case of neuroinvasive disease caused by WNV lineage 2 was identified in Andalusia, Southern Spain. Molecular testing and whole-genome sequencing confirmed WNV lineage 2 as the causative agent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship with strains circulating in Central Europe, distinct from previous WNV lineage 2 detections in Spain. Concurrently, WNV lineage 2 RNA was detected in an imperial eagle near the case location, suggesting local viral circulation. This case marks a significant shift in WNV epidemiology in Spain, where lineage 1 has historically been dominant. The findings underscore the expanding range of WNV lineage 2 and the necessity for enhanced vector surveillance, genomic monitoring, and strengthened One Health strategies to mitigate future outbreaks and protect public health.
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