Ensemble learning approach for prediction of early complications after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer using CT and MRI radiomic features.

There are different side effects in radiotherapy of head and neck cancer (HNC) including xerostomia. The present study utilizes the addition of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) radiomic image features to typical Computed Tomography (CT)-based features and radiation dose-based characteristics and incorporates the evaluation and validation of individual and ensemble classifiers for prediction of early-onset xerostomia in radiotherapy of HNC. A total of 80 patients diagnosed with HNC were evaluated prospectively. The dataset was divided into two subsets: 70% for training and validation and 30% for testing. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that the proportion of xerostomia cases was consistent across both subsets. This approach preserved the class balance and ensured a representative distribution of demographic, dosimetric, and radiomic features in both sets. MR and CT imaging, dosimetric, and demographic features of patients were used as model input data. Bilateral parotid radiomic features were extracted from CT, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] weighted MR images. Pearson statistical tests were used for selection of features and Random Tree (RT), Neural Network (NN), Linear Support Vector Machine (LSVM) and Bayesian Network (BN) classifiers were evaluated. To prevent overfitting and data leakage, preprocessing was conducted. All features were normalized using the z-score technique, with the mean and standard deviation calculated from the training set and then applied to the test set. For the training dataset, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was used to balance the minority class. The results suggest the extracted features from [Formula: see text] weighted images have superior prediction ability compared to [Formula: see text] weighted acquisitions. The RT and BN models based on [Formula: see text] weighted images show better performance than those obtained with [Formula: see text] weighted images. [Formula: see text] weighted image-based analysis shows area under the curve (AUC) values for The RT and BN models of 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, while corresponding values obtained from [Formula: see text] weighted images are 0.79 and 0.78 for RT and BN models respectively. Combined [Formula: see text] weighted image-based models RT-BN, RT-LSVM-BN and RT-NN-LSVM-BN also show good performance having AUC values 0.97, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively. These results show that radiomic features from MR images obtained before radiotherapy can be used in addition to other metrics as personalized and unique biomarkers for prediction of early-onset xerostomia. Ensemble classifiers are more efficient than individual classifiers in prediction of early xerostomia.