ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Annual Out-of-Pocket Medical Costs and Financial Toxicity Among Transplant Recipients in the United States.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Socio-Occupational Aspects in Liver Transplant Candidates and Recipients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of occupational rehabilitation · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe significant financial costs associated with solid-organ and bone marrow transplantation incurred by the United States' (U.S.) health systems are well documented. However, the out-of-pocket (OOP) costs and the risk of financial toxicity - defined as economic stress from OOP expenses relative to available resources - for transplant recipients remain poorly characterized.
methodsWe assessed annual OOP medical expenses for transplant recipients using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 2016 to 2020 (n = 201 patients representing N = 466,016) and calculated yearly medical care expenses and insurance premiums. Logistic regressions were performed to analyze risk factors for financial toxicity, using income category and insurance status as indicators of socioeconomic status.
resultsThe mean annual OOP expense was $4034 (SE 508), with insurance premiums and medications being the most significant costs. Among transplant recipients, 12% (SE 3) experienced high financial toxicity. Low-income patients, compared to high-income patients, were nine times more likely to experience financial toxicity (OR 9.3, p = 0.001), with privately insured low-income patients at the highest risk (OR 7.4, p <0.001). Financial toxicity was associated with delayed medication refills due to costs (12% vs 3%, p < 0.05), poorer perceived health status (27% vs 9%, p = 0.05), and increased anxiety (47% vs 20%, p < 0.05).
conclusionsLow-income transplant recipients with private insurance are particularly vulnerable to financial toxicity. Future research should examine the health effects of financial toxicity to enable development of health system and policy interventions aimed at mitigating financial toxicity in this population.
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