Spillover of macro-level violence to parental physical abuse of children in low- and middle-income countries.

backgroundThrough violence socialization processes, exposure to higher rates of violence in the macro context may spill over to family violence, including caregivers' use of physical child abuse.

objectiveThis study examined the associations of violence occurring in macro contexts with parental physical abuse, after accounting for norms justifying women's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental physical punishment against children.

methodsWe used data from 435,131 households with a reference child aged 1 to 17 years across 43 countries from rounds 4 and 5 of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. We employed multilevel logistic regression to estimate the extent to which country-level violence-measured by rates of terrorism and political conflict, homicide, and women's exposure to IPV-was associated with the use of severe and moderate physical abuse. The models controlled for norms justifying IPV and physical punishment, as well as socio-demographic factors.

resultsResults indicated that greater endorsement of IPV (OR = 1.024, p < .001) and attitudes supporting the use of physical punishment with children (OR = 1.016, p < .05) were both associated with higher odds of severe physical abuse after controlling for covariates. The association of terrorism and political violence with severe physical abuse was mediated by norms that legitimize IPV (indirect b = 0.027, p < .01).

conclusionInterventions aimed at reducing abusive parenting practices in LMICs may benefit from efforts to reduce social norms that support IPV and physical punishment of children. These interventions should incorporate trauma-informed approaches that recognize the effects of macro-level violence.