ArticleProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026
Butyrate-Producing Mixed Probiotics Alleviate MRSA-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization.
Article in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Gut microbiota-immune-metabolic crosstalk in acute lung injury: integrating the gut-lung axis from mechanism to therapeutic targeting.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities via the gut-lung axis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Unraveling the gut microbiota-SCFAs-cathepsin C pathway in preeclampsia: a novel therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for acute lung injury (ALI) and other respiratory diseases. Probiotics and their metabolic byproducts are essential regulators of the gut-lung axis. This study investigated the protective effects of a mixed probiotics combination (Ligilactobacillus salivarius H3, Bacillus stratosphericus J1366, and Priestia megaterium J1037), which demonstrated inhibitory activity against MRSA growth and biofilm formation in vitro, on MRSA-induced ALI in mice. Results indicated that MRSA infection exacerbated lung pathological damage (P < 0.001), oxidative stress, and inflammation, while also disrupting gut microbiota balance and impairing intestinal barrier integrity. In contrast, the mixed probiotics restored gut microbiota homeostasis, enhanced barrier function, and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the gut and circulatory system, particularly butyrate (P < 0.05). These changes promoted the polarization of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (P < 0.05), thereby reducing pulmonary bacterial load (P < 0.05) and alleviating inflammation. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that mixed probiotics diminished the prevalence of Staphylococcus (P < 0.001) in the gut, while fostering the proliferation of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus (P < 0.001) and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05). Notably, while vancomycin treatment reduced lung bacterial load (P < 0.05) and inflammation, it aggravated gut microbiota imbalance and barrier damage. These findings indicate that administering mixed probiotics prevents MRSA-induced ALI by regulating the gut-lung axis, providing a potential alternative to antibiotics in managing bacterial pneumonia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40272761What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.