ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Biomass, Phyto-Ash, and Biochar from Beech Wood as Functional Additives for Natural Rubber-Based Elastomer Composites.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Amino Acids as Sustainable Alternatives to Allergenic Sulfur Vulcanization Accelerators for Carbon Black-Filled Nitrile Rubber.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative Study on the Influence of Inorganic Pigments on the Thermomechanical and Combustion Performance of Different Elastomer Composites.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Flammability and Thermal Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Waste Biomass and Ash.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The growing interest in renewable resource-based materials has driven efforts to develop elastomeric biocomposites using biomass, phyto-ash, and biochar as fillers. These bio-additives, derived from beech wood through various processing methods, were incorporated into natural rubber (NR) at varying weight ratios. The primary objective of this study was to assess how the type and content of each bio-filler influence the structural, processing, and performance properties of the biocomposites. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and hardness, were evaluated, while crosslink density of the vulcanizates was determined using equilibrium swelling in solvents. Additionally, the composites underwent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the decomposition temperature of individual components within the polymer matrix. Bio-fillers influenced rheological and mechanical properties, with phyto-ash reducing viscosity and cross-linking density, and biochar and biomass increasing stiffness and maximum torque. Biochar extended curing time due to the absorption of curing agents, whereas phyto-ash accelerated vulcanization. Mechanical tests showed that all bio-filled composites were stiffer than the reference, with biochar and biomass (30 phr) exhibiting the highest hardness (45.8 °ShA and 49.1 °ShA, respectively) and cross-link density (2.68 × 10
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