ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Evidence of the correlation between air pollution and different types of birth defects: based on a distribution-lag non-linear model.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between climate change and oral health outcomes: a systematic review of time-series studies.BDJ open · 2026Article
- Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of congenital limb defects in offspring.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The association between prenatal exposure to mixed air pollutants and birth defects risk: a population-based study in Tangshan, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Fetal development and the air pollution exposome: an integrative perspective of health pathways.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: As global fertility rates decline, exploring the root causes of birth defects (BDs) becomes urgent. Air pollution, with its ability to penetrate the placental barrier as exogenous toxins, has garnered notable attention in this regard. Methods: BD data was collected from five hospitals in Changzhi City birth from 2019 to 2021, air quality data originated from hourly observations at five monitoring stations within the city. Using the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM), the study aimed to determine the non-linear exposure-lag-effect relationship, evaluating the delayed impact of weekly air pollution on fetal BD risk. During the period under study, the prevalence of BDs was 19.95‰. Results: Our findings indicate that exposure to air pollutants during early and mid-pregnancy elevated the risk of BDs. Specifically, for each 10 μg/m Discussion: Exposure to pollutants during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects in newborns, especially SO
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.