ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hand, foot and mouth disease reinfection cases in Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China, 2009-2023.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Factors for Reinfection of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China, Based on Adjusted Effect Estimates.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Among Children and Adolescents in Türkiye.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hand, foot and mouth disease reinfection cases in a large district of southern China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) reinfection and its influencing factors in Jiulongpo District from 2009 to 2023 to provide targeted prevention and control recommendations for key factors. Methods: HFMD cases in Jiulongpo District of Chongqing were derived from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention from 2009 to 2023. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD reinfection, spatial autocorrelation to analyze the regional clustering, and binary logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors. Results: From 2009 to 2023, 4,764 HFMD reinfection cases involving 2,436 individuals were reported in Jiulongpo District, with a reinfection rate of 5.48%. The interval between the two infections ranged from 26 to 3,863 days, and 71.51% of patients were reinfected within 2 years. There was a bimodal distribution in time (April-July and October-November). In the population, the reinfection rate was 5.87% in males and 4.93% in females, 3.97% in scattered children and 7.89% in kindergarten children, 8.61% in children >3 years old, and 4.68% in children ≤3 years old. There was a spatial positive correlation of HFMD reinfection in Jiulongpo District, with hot spots concentrated in the rural area and cold spots in the urban area. The multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that reinfection risk was higher in non-epidemic years, male, rural areas, >3 years old, and kindergarten children ( Conclusion: Post-epidemic prevention and control measures should prioritize interventions to target reinfection, focusing on children in rural areas and kindergartens. Improve rural infrastructure and sanitation, raise disease awareness in kindergartens, train healthcare workers, and promote hygiene to reduce HFMD reinfection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.