Predictive modeling of hemodynamics during viscerosensory neurostimulation via neural computation mechanism in the brainstem.

Neurostimulation for cardiovascular control faces challenges due to the lack of predictive modeling for stimulus-driven dynamic responses, which is crucial for precise neuromodulation via quality feedback. We address this by employing a digital twin approach that leverages computational mechanisms underlying neuro-hemodynamic responses during neurostimulation. Our results emphasize the computational role of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brainstem in determining these responses. The intrinsic neural circuit within the NTS harbors collective dynamics residing in a low-dimensional latent space, which effectively captures stimulus-driven hemodynamic perturbations. Building on this, we developed a digital twin framework for individually optimized predictive modeling of neuromodulatory outcomes. This framework potentially enables the design of closed-loop neurostimulation systems for precise hemodynamic control. Consequently, our digital twin based on neural computation mechanisms marks an advancement in the artificial regulation of internal organs, paving the way for precise translational medicine to treat chronic diseases.