ArticleScientific reports2025
Cytokine profiles dynamics in COVID-19 patients: a longitudinal analysis of disease severity and outcomes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of IFN-γ +874 T/A Polymorphism With COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity, and Inflammatory Response: A Case-Control Study From Southern Iran.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- The immunology behind inflammaging-causes, sources, and mechanisms.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Review
- Dynamic Cytokine and Coagulation Profiling in Patients With Severe COVID‑19 Evaluated for Pulmonary Embolism: A Prospective Cohort Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Observational
- Generation and immunological evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein virus-like particles.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Development of Wedelia (Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation After COVID-19: Longitudinal Analysis up to 9 Months.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A Post-GWAS Analysis of the Shared Genetic Architecture Between COVID-19 and Coronary Artery Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Blood Coagulation in COVID-19: Systems-Biology Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Opportunities in an Evolving Pandemic.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Type I and III interferons synergize with TNF to promote virally-triggered damage to the intestinal epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Early Fc-effector antibody signatures impact COVID-19 disease trajectory.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Longitudinal modeling of Post-COVID-19 condition over three years: A machine learning approach using clinical, neuropsychological, and fluid markers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Divergent Inflammatory Profiles but No Predictive Biomarkers of Psychiatric Sequelae After Viral Infection: A 12-Month Cohort Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Endothelial Biomarkers and Cytokine Profiles: Signatures of Mortality in Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Serum cytokine profiling reveals CXCL10 (IP-10) as a major predictor of severe COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients during the first pandemic wave in Italy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Understanding the Burden of Coinfection: COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients with Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Advanced HIV.Current HIV research · 2026Article
- Cytokine profiles, genetic polymorphisms, and systemic inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes patients with COVID-19: IL-18 a predictor of disease severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exploring the timeline and network interplay of immune mediators in COVID-19 patients according to disease outcome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Interleukin-23 in lung and airway diseases: from pathogenesis to precision-guided therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outcome of the immune response depends on the content and magnitude of inflammatory mediators, the right time to start, and the duration of inflammatory responses. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent diverse disease severity. Understanding differences in immune responses in individuals with different disease severity levels can help elucidate disease mechanisms. Here, we serially analyzed the cytokine profiles of 809 patients with mild to critical COVID-19. The cytokine profile revealed an overall increase in IL-1β, IL-1Ra, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-18 and impaired production of IFN-α and -β. Only an early rise in IL-1Ra, IL-6, and IL-2 levels was linked to worse disease outcomes. On the other hand, long-term rises in IL-1β, IL-1Ra, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-18 levels were linked to worse disease outcomes. Principal component analysis identified a component, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, and IL-12, that was associated with disease severity. Spearman analysis revealed that the correlation of IL-1β and IFN-α was entirely different between mild and critical patients. Therefore, the ratio of IL-1β to IFN-α seemed to be a suitable criterion for distinguishing critical patients from mild ones. The higher levels of the IL-1β to IFN-α ratio correlated with improved outcomes. These data point to an imbalance of IL-1β/IFNα, contributing to hyperinflammation in COVID-19.
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