Reducing racial ingroup biases in empathy and altruistic decision-making by shifting racial identification.

Findings of racial ingroup biases in empathy and social behaviors require understanding of relevant psychological and brain mechanisms. Using self-report, behavioral, and neuroimaging measures, we tested the hypothesis that racial identification provides a cognitive basis for racial ingroup biases in empathy and altruistic decision-making. We showed that a mask training procedure using other-race facial disguises altered self-face perception and promoted identification with the other race. Shift in racial identification modulated the medial prefrontal activity, increased electrophysiological responses to pain expressions of other-race faces, enhanced the right premotor/frontal/insular activities in response to perceived painful stimulation to other-race individuals, and decreased own-race favoritism in altruistic decision-making. Furthermore, the medial prefrontal activity related to the shift in racial identification predicted greater neural responses to other-race pain after the training procedure. Our findings highlight the shift of racial identification as a psychological basis for reducing racial ingroup biases in social emotions and behaviors.