Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40266471›Full record

ArticleMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England)2025

Innovative PEGylated chitosan nanocarriers for co-delivery of doxorubicin and CpG in breast cancer therapy: Preparation, characterization, and immunotherapeutic potential.

Sitah Alharthi, Amal Abdullah Alrashidi, Zyta Ziora, Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi, Seyed Ebrahim Alavi

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. AI-powered in silico twins: redefining precision medicine through simulation, personalization, and predictive healthcare.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2025
    Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Sitah AlharthiDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, 11961, Al-Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia.
Amal Abdullah AlrashidiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Zyta ZioraInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4067, Australia.
Hasan Ebrahimi ShahmabadiImmunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran. ebrahimi@rums.ac.ir.
Seyed Ebrahim AlaviImmunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran. s.ebrahimalavi@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed to design polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated chitosan (CS, PEG-CS) nanoparticles for the co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), and ovalbumin (OVA) to enhance breast cancer therapy. PEG-CS nanoparticles were synthesized using the ionotropic gelation method and characterized for size, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, and drug release. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to assess cytotoxicity, immune activation, and antitumor efficacy. The optimized nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 156.4 ± 8.9 nm, a ZP of +18 mV, and demonstrated 75.3% DOX and 68.3% CpG release over 72 h. PEG-CS-DOX/CpG/OVA enhanced tumor reduction by 2.6-fold in vivo, with no significant toxicity. PEG-CS-DOX/CpG/OVA nanoparticles showed promise as a co-delivery platform for cancer therapy, combining cytotoxic and immune-stimulating effects with minimal toxicity.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsChitosanDoxorubicinDrug CarriersNanoparticlesOligodeoxyribonucleotidesPolyethylene GlycolsAnimalsCell Line, TumorDrug Delivery SystemsFemaleHumansImmunotherapyMiceMice, Inbred BALB COvalbuminChitosanCPG-oligonucleotideDoxorubicinDrug CarriersOligodeoxyribonucleotidesOvalbuminPolyethylene GlycolsBreast cancer therapyCpG oligodeoxynucleotideImmunotherapy enhancementNanoparticle drug deliveryPEGylated chitosan

Identifiers

PMID40266471

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.