Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40265437›Full record

ReviewCurrent neuropharmacology2025

A Comprehensive Understanding of Psychomotor Agitation: From Causes to Hospital Care.

Antonio Del Casale, Jan Francesco Arena, Christian Napoli, Fabiano Grassi, Serena Mancino, Cristina Di Legge, Barbara Adriani, Giovanna Parmigiani, Alessandro Vento, Giorgio Veneziani and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Current neuropharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Antonio Del CasaleDepartment of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Jan Francesco ArenaDepartment of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Christian NapoliDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Fabiano GrassiDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Serena MancinoDepartment of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00189, Italy.
Cristina Di LeggeDepartment of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00189, Italy.
Barbara AdrianiDepartment of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00189, Italy.
Giovanna ParmigianiDepartment of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185 Italy.
Alessandro VentoMental Health Centre, Department of Mental Health, Local Health Authority Rome 2, via Monza 2, Rome, 00182, Italy.
Giorgio VenezianiDepartment of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Carlo LaiDepartment of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
Stefano FerracutiUnit of Risk Management, 'Sant'Andrea' University Hospital, Rome, 00189, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Psychomotor agitation is a syndrome characterized by abnormal psychic and motor activation, with a concrete possibility of escalation to aggression or violence. It represents a frequent reason for attending emergency departments and can stem from various organic conditions and mental disorders. In emergency settings, prompt identification of the possible underlying cause and optimal management are crucial to ensure the safety of both patients and healthcare providers. However, current management strategies are based on evidence focused on too specific clinical contexts or aspects of patient care. This narrative review aims to consolidate available evidence on clinical-diagnostic evaluation, severity assessment, patient-specific interventions, and hospital management. Patients should always be approached using de-escalation techniques while providing a rapid and systematic assessment of the key differential elements between organic and psychiatric causes. Pharmacological interventions are recommended as secondary measures to ensure safety and should be directed at facilitating the therapeutic relationship. Physical restraints and seclusion should be used only as a last resort, for the shortest duration, and under strict medical supervision. There is a pressing need for the systematic organization of evidence into effective guidelines to optimize the clinical approach to psychomotor agitation, improving both patient outcomes and safety in emergency settings.

Indexed as

Psychomotor AgitationHospitalizationHumansclinical decision-making.deliriumEmergence agitationevidence-based emergency medicineinvoluntary treatmentpediatricspsychiatrypsychopharmacology

Identifiers

PMID40265437
PMCPMC12645138

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.