ReviewImmunotherapy advances2025
CTLA-4-two pathways to anti-tumour immunity?
Review in Immunotherapy advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Review
- Biological and Targeted Therapies in the Multidisciplinary Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Cancers · 2026Review
- HLA Class II Alleles DRB1*11:01 and DQB1*03:01 Unmask Immunogenetic Susceptibility to Anti-Nivolumab Antibodies in Combination with Ipilimumab.The AAPS journal · 2026Review
- Multi-omics analysis of BTF3L4 as a prognostic and immune biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Targeted therapy in thyroid cancer: molecular alterations and clinical management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Monoclonal Antibodies and Derivatives: Therapeutic Tools for Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Integrating CTLA-4 Genetics and Soluble Isoforms for the Stratification of HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk and Aggressiveness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Conversion Surgery Following Durvalumab Plus Tremelimumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Para-Aortic Lymph Node Metastases: A Case of Complete Hepatic Response and Lymphatic Resistance.Surgical case reports · 2025Article
- Advances in cancer immunotherapy: Strategies and innovations strategies for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies have revolutionized cancer therapy and improved patient outcomes in a range of cancers. ICIs enhance anti-tumour immunity by targeting the inhibitory checkpoint receptors CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3. Despite their success, efficacy, and tolerance vary between patients, raising new challenges to improve these therapies. These could be addressed by the identification of robust biomarkers to predict patient outcome and a more complete understanding of how ICIs affect and are affected by the tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite being the first ICIs to be introduced, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have underperformed compared with antibodies that target the PD-1/PDL-1 axis. This is due to the complexity regarding their precise mechanism of action, with two possible routes to efficacy identified. The first is a direct enhancement of effector T-cell responses through simple blockade of CTLA-4-'releasing the brakes', while the second requires prior elimination of regulatory T cells (T
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.