SynthesisOrthodontics & craniofacial research2025
Craniofacial Changes Among Children and Adolescents Submitted to Growth Hormone Therapy: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Growth hormone deficiency: craniofacial characteristics and changes after growth hormone therapy - a systematic review.Endocrine · 2026Pooled it
- Craniofacial Changes Among Children and Adolescents Submitted to Growth Hormone Therapy: A Systematic Review.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2025Pooled it
- Growth Prediction in Orthodontics: ASystematic Review of Past Methods up to Artificial Intelligence.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association between craniofacial changes and growth hormone (GH) therapy among children and adolescents with GH deficiency or idiopathic short stature (ISS). The PRISMA guideline was followed to carry out all stages of this review. An electronic search was conducted in seven databases, without year or language restrictions. The study selection was carried out in two stages by two calibrated examiners. Studies exploring craniofacial changes among children and adolescents with GH deficiency or ISS undergoing GH therapy were included. After data extraction, the risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool and the RoB 2.0 Checklist. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Among the 4494 identified citations, seven studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies evaluated the impact of GHs on cephalometric measurements and dental age. No differences between immediate and delayed treatments were found in maxillary and mandibular dimensions. All selected articles showed a low risk of bias. A low certainty of evidence was observed for all outcomes assessed. GH therapy appears to result in a small increase in mandibular dimensions, although without clinical significance characteristic of adverse effects. Clinical trials and long-term follow-up studies of these patients are needed to develop accurate recommendations regarding the effects of GHs in the craniofacial region. Growth hormone may result in a slight increase in mandibular and maxillary dimensions, without significant adverse effects to general health. Controlled intervention studies with long-term follow-up are needed to establish more precise recommendations. Trial Registration: PROSPERO database (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/): CRD42024511329.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.