ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Antimicrobial resistant Brucella spp. prevail in raw milk and animal feces of different livestock farms.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- TLR9 DNA methylation and gene expression in cattle naturally infected with B. abortus.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Exploring the Environmental Resistome and Bacterial Novelty in Marine Isolates from the North Portuguese Coast.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Socio-economic impact of antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Quality Analysis and Detection of Adulterants and Contaminations in Milk/Milk Powder by Raman Spectroscopy.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrucella spp. is a zoonotic pathogen that affects both livestock and humans, causing reproductive issues in animals and severe health complications in humans, including undulant fever, hepatomegaly, and arthritis. Contaminated raw milk and feces serve as potential transmission sources, despite its public health significance, limited studies have assessed the prevalence of Brucella spp. in raw milk and feces, particularly in endemic regions like Pakistan.
objectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of Brucella spp. in raw milk and feces of livestock in Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan, and evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolated strains.
methodsThe raw milk and fecal samples were collected randomly from the different livestock farms of Punjab, Pakistan. The areas were selected based on the different sociodemographic attributes like climate, land usage, number of animals, husbandry practices and operational convenience, which may influence the spatial and temporal distribution of livestock diseases. Brucella spp. was isolated using Brucella agar, a highly specific medium, and confirmed at the molecular level through IS711 gene analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and identify multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains.
resultsA total of 100 samples, including 60 raw milk samples (cows = 25, buffalo = 25, goats = 10) and 40 fecal samples (cows = 16, buffalo = 15, goats = 9), were collected from various livestock farms. The incidence of Brucella spp. was found higher (7.5%) in raw milk than in the animal´s feca (15%). All the strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index (0.3-0.5) which was higher than the critical value (> 0.2). Additionally, 75% of the strains were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), highlighting their resistance to multiple antibiotics.
conclusionThese findings indicate the antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of Brucella spp. in the dairy industry which could be a serious threat to public health. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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