ArticleNature medicine2025
Global, regional and national burden of dietary iron deficiency from 1990 to 2021: a Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of oral iron dosing regimens on iron biomarkers during pregnancy: insights from the PANDA trial.Blood advances · 2026Trial
- The hidden vulnerability: heavy and persistent burden of dietary iron deficiency among women and children in China, India and globally based on the global burden of disease 2021.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Phylum level differences in the gut bacteria of nursing infants and growth-related decreases in iron reserves are associated with the microstructural organization of cortical white matter tracts in rhesus monkeys.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Global Burden of Intracerebral Hemorrhage, 1990-2021, and Projections to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Ferroportin at the Crossroads of Iron Biology: Disease, Regulation and Modulation.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Characterisation of Iron Content and Speciation in Australian Eggs.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of dietary iron exposure across iron compounds and fortification levels in Saudi Arabia: simulation modeling study.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Hypophosphatemia in Patients Receiving Intravenous Iron Supplementation for Iron-Deficiency Anemia: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Global, regional and national burdens of iron deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Temporal trends and patterns in neonatal sepsis mortality across 194 countries, 2000-2021, with projections up to 2050.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Discovery of Iron-Chelating Peptides fromFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- African-specific genetic loci determine iron status and risk of severe malaria and bacteremia in African children.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Estimating the Number of People Eating Biofortified Foods On-Farm and from Markets: a Detailed Methodology and Tool.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Global and regional burden of neonatal disorders (preterm birth, encephalopathy, jaundice, and sepsis), 1990-2021 and projections to 2050.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- VTH BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION.Arquivos de gastroenterologia · 2026Article
- Analysis of Disease Burden and Future Trend Prediction for Iron Deficiency-Induced Abortion and Miscarriage in BRICS Countries.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- MENA Delphi consensus on iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children: screening, management, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Effects of Education on Treatment Adherence and Fatigue in Individuals with Treatment-Inadherent Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Trial in Türkiye.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Long-term trends in anemia prevalence before and after COVID-19 among non-pregnant adults in South Korea, 2010 to 2023.Medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Although iron deficiency is well documented, less is known about dietary involvement in symptomatic iron deficiency manifesting in medical conditions. In this study, we quantified the global burden of dietary iron deficiency, focusing on where inadequate dietary iron intake leads to clinical manifestations such as anemia. We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to estimate dietary iron deficiency prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, geography and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries. In 2021, global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates were 16,434.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 16,186.2-16,689.0) and 423.7 (285.3-610.8) per 100,000 population, with rates decreasing by 9.8% (8.1-11.3) and 18.2% (15.4-21.1) from 1990 to 2021. A higher burden was observed in female individual (age-standardized prevalence, 21,334.8 (95% UI, 20,984.8-21,697.4); DALYs, 598.0 (402.6-854.4)) than in male individual ((age-standardized prevalence, 11,684.7 (11,374.6-12,008.8); DALYs, 253.0 (167.3-371.0)). High-SDI countries presented greater improvement, with a 25.7% reduction compared to 11.5% in low-SDI countries. Despite global improvements, dietary iron deficiency remains a major health concern with a global prevalence of 16.7%, particularly affecting female individuals, children and residents in low-SDI countries. Urgent interventions through supplementation, food security measures and fortification initiatives are essential.
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