ArticleScientific reports2025
Exploring the longitudinal dynamics of self-criticism, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and mental health in a three-wave study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Operationalizing the Construct of the Internal Saboteur: Development and Psychometric Validation of the Internal Saboteur Scale (ISS).European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
- Rethinking Recovery: Psychological Flexibility and Growth Across Diverse Recovery Approaches.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Moral emotions in mental health: regulation and mediation.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Self-compassion has been emphasized in its association with reducing anxiety, narcissism, and self-criticism. At the same time, self-judgment as the counter side of self-kindness tends to interchange with the description of self-criticism, which can lead to potential stress and mental illness. Meanwhile, psychological flexibility enhanced through Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) emerges and is engaged as a therapeutic action after self-compassion. Hence, based on The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this three-wave longitudinal study examined longitudinal connections between (1) cognitive appraisal - self-criticism (comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism); (2) coping - self-compassion and psychological flexibility (acceptance and action), and (3) outcome - mental health. Regarding the results, at baseline, 412 participants (M age = 39.73, SD = 12.75; 83% female) were enrolled; follow-up rates were 56% at 6 months and 28%(N=115, M age = 40.88, SD = 13.00, 78.3% female) at 12 months. Using the Repeated Measures Panel Analysis Framework, the model investigation with the good fit model index supports the hypothesized pathways based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. Self-compassion and psychological flexibility have been examined to be consistent and stable coping strategies negatively associated with self-criticism. Hence, the current study outcome serves as a theoretical foundation that supports the development of the intervention, evidenced by the potential mediating role or function of self-compassion or compassion-focused therapy and enhancing psychological flexibility through acceptance and commitment therapy.
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