Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40263326›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Porous hierarchically ordered hydrogels demonstrating structurally dependent mechanical properties.

Elisabeth C Lloyd, Sujata Dhakal, Shahrouz Amini, Rami Alhasan, Peter Fratzl, Douglas R Tree, Svetlana Morozova, Robert J Hickey

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  4. Review
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  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. 3D Printing of Cincau Perdu (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
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  15. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Elisabeth C LloydMaterials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-6463
Sujata DhakalMacromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Shahrouz AminiDepartment of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-2760
Rami AlhasanChemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8215-3793
Peter FratzlDepartment of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany.
Douglas R TreeChemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1412-0244
Svetlana MorozovaMacromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Robert J HickeyMaterials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. rjh64@psu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-7411

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) CMMI 2119717
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

While hierarchical ordering is a distinctive feature of natural tissues and is directly responsible for their diverse and unique properties, efforts to synthesize biomaterials have primarily focused on using molecular-based approaches with little emphasis on multiscale structure. Here, we report a bottom-up self-assembly process to produce highly porous hydrogel fibers that resemble extracellular matrices both structurally and mechanically. Physically crosslinked nanostructured micelles form the walls of micrometer-sized water-rich pores with preferred orientation along the fiber direction. Low elastic moduli (<1 kPa), high elasticity (extending by more than 12 times the initial length), non-linear elasticity (e.g., hyperelasticity), and completely reversible extension are derived from unevenly distributed strain between the micrometer-sized pores and the polymer chains, which is reminiscent of cellular solids. Control of the material microstructure and orientation over many orders of magnitude (e.g., nm-μm), while holding the nanostructure constant, reveals how the multiscale structure directly impacts mechanical properties.

Identifiers

PMID40263326
PMCPMC12015511

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.