ArticleJMIR human factors2025
Association of Virtual Nurses' Workflow and Cognitive Fatigue During Inpatient Encounters: Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in JMIR human factors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Digital compassion fatigue and digital empathy in healthcare: mapping the evidence and informing a human-centered clinical framework.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Virtual nursing implementation and 30-day patient readmissions: a multi-site study.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Digital alert fatigue and escalation behaviours in nurse-led remote postoperative care: a cross-sectional study.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- Reframing Person-Centered Fundamental Care in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Posthumanization: A Theory-Informed Narrative Review.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- Virtual Nursing and the Future of Workforce Sustainability.JAMA network open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The virtual nursing delivery model enables the provision of expert nursing care from a remote location, using technology such as audio and video communication, remote monitoring devices, and access to electronic health records. Virtual nurses spend an extensive amount of time on computers to provide care, and little is known about how this workflow may affect and contribute to cognitive fatigue. Objective: This study aimed to use eye tracking technology and pupil size variation to determine instances of virtual nurse cognitive fatigue during their typical workflow. Methods: This study examined the virtual nursing workflow by recording and analyzing virtual nurse encounters using eye tracking. This cross-sectional study was conducted during regular 12-hour shifts at a major Southeastern health center in the United States. Results: The study found that 75% (22/29) of virtual nursing encounters demonstrated a first fatigue instance at 9.8 minutes during patient discharges and at 11.9 minutes during patient admissions. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into virtual nursing workflow design and how it may impact the cognitive fatigue levels of nurses providing inpatient virtual care.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.