ArticleJCI insight2025
Testosterone affects female CD4+ T cells in healthy individuals and autoimmune liver diseases.
Article in JCI insight, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Single-cell profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in diverse men with prostate cancer reveals a fatal disease-associated immune signature.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Review
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- The complex of gut microbial metabolites and sex hormones in Alzheimer's disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Age and sex: dual drivers remodeling the anti-tumor immune microenvironment and shaping personalized immuno-oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Testosterone and androgen receptor pathway modulation in sepsis: immunometabolic mechanisms and therapeutic implications - a scoping review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling by indole-3-lactic acid from Bacillus velezensis DS2 reinforces gut mucosal immunity and attenuates inflammaging in aged mice.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Sex Hormones and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are autoimmune liver diseases with strong female predominance. They are caused by T cell-mediated injury of hepatic parenchymal cells, but the mechanisms underlying this sex bias are unknown. Here, we investigated whether testosterone contributes to T cell activation in women with PBC. Compared with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 23), cisgender (cis) women with PBC (n = 24) demonstrated decreased testosterone serum levels and proinflammatory CD4+ T cell profile in peripheral blood. Testosterone suppressed the expression of TNF and IFN-γ by human CD4+ T cells in vitro. In trans men receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) (n = 25), testosterone affected CD4+ T cell function by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation and by supporting the differentiation into regulatory Treg. Mechanistically, we provide evidence for a direct effect of testosterone on T cells using mice with T cell-specific deletion of the cytosolic androgen receptor. Supporting a role for testosterone in autoimmune liver disease, we observed an improved disease course and profound changes in T cell states in a trans man with AIH/primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) variant syndrome receiving GAHT. We here report a direct effect of testosterone on CD4+ T cells that may contribute to future personalized treatment strategies.
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