ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
How to properly define immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV? an integrative review.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- The HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Challenges: Why is HIV Incidence Rising While AIDS Incidence and Mortality are Declining in Brazil?Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Persistent CD8+ T-cell activation (HLA-DR/CD38) as an immunological marker in antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients: A cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Hematological Profile and Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Patients with HIV: A 12-Month Single-Centre Cohort Study.Viruses · 2026Article
- Multi-omics links microbial dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and metabolomic disruptions to SNAE risk in treated HIV.JCI insight · 2026Article
- TRA2A negatively regulates HIV-1-induced macrophage pyroptosis by mediating TXNIP expression in an m6A-dependent manner.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Article
- Delayed ART initiation and poor immune reconstitution among drug-using HIV patients in two hospitals in China: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Multi-omics links microbial dysbiosis, systemic inflammation and metabolomic disruptions to SNAE risk in treated HIV.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- CCR5Δ32 polymorphism is associated with increased central memory CD4+ T cells in virologically suppressed people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Data-driven Modeling of Long-term CD4 Cell Recovery Trajectories Under Modern Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Anelloviruses: From General Biology to Their Role as Biomarkers of Immune Competence in HIV Infection.Viruses · 2026Review
- Interleukin-6 restricts pre-thymic T cell lineage commitment of progenitors driving loss of SIV control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic dysbiosis as a predictor of immunological non-response among people living with HIV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Association rule mining and network analysis of the evolving comorbidity patterns in HIV inpatients in Baise, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Immune reconstitution efficacy and associated risk factors for immunological non-response in people living with HIV during long-term antiretroviral therapy: a single-center retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care hospital in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Abnormal characteristics of intestinal microenvironment in HIV immunological non-responders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effect of rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation on loss to follow-up, virologic failure, and immunologic failure among people living with HIV under the treat-all policy in China: a retrospective cohort study (2016-2023).Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Negative influence of age and low baseline CD4 on T helper cell recovery among HIV-infected individuals with fixed-dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil, lamivudine and dolutegravir.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Defining and Predicting HIV Immunological Non-Response: A Multi-Definition Analysis from an Indonesian Cohort.Viruses · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has notable improved the life expectancy and quality of life for people living with HIV (PLHIV) by suppressing viral replication and promoting CD4+ T-cell recovery. However, despite its efficacy, approximately 10-40% of ART-treated PLHIV with virological suppression (<50 RNA copies/mL) do not achieve adequate immunological reconstitution. These PLHIV, classified as immunological non-responders (INR), experience higher morbidity and mortality rates compared to those with satisfactory immune reconstitution, known as immunological responders (IR). Various studies have explored the mechanisms contributing to immunological nonresponse, yet a major challenge remains: the lack of a standardized definition of immunological response and nonresponse across studies. Currently, definitions are inconsistent, limiting comparability between studies. This review proposes a clear and adequate classification for IR and INR PLHIV to support future advancements in understanding immunological recovery and improving the quality of life for ART-treated PLHIV.
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