Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40259500›Full record

Observational studyDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025

Diabetes, glycaemic traits and cardiovascular disease in females and males: Observational and Mendelian randomisation analyses in the UK Biobank.

Sophie C de Ruiter, Lena Tschiderer, Diederick E Grobbee, Ynte M Ruigrok, Peter Willeit, Hester M den Ruijter, A Floriaan Schmidt, Sanne A E Peters

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Sophie C de RuiterJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1871-1033
Lena TschidererInstitute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Diederick E GrobbeeJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Ynte M RuigrokUMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Peter WilleitInstitute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Hester M den RuijterLaboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
A Floriaan SchmidtDepartment of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sanne A E PetersJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Funding

Austrian Science Fund 10.55776/T1253British Heart Foundation AA/18/6/34223British Heart Foundation PG/22/10989Dutch Cardiovascular Alliance 2020B004Dutch Heart Foundation 03-001-2022-0157European Research CouncilNational Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreRosetrees TrustUK Research and Innovation (UKRI) EP/Z000211/1ZonMw 09150172010050
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionObservational studies have shown that the association between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is stronger in females than in males. It remains unclear whether the causal effects of diabetes and glycaemic traits on CVD are also different between females and males.

methodsWe performed sex-stratified observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses in the UK Biobank to investigate the sex-specific associations of type 2 diabetes and HbA1c with CVD outcomes (combined CVD, coronary heart disease [CHD], myocardial infarction, stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage). As secondary analyses, we performed sex-stratified MR for the association of genetically proxied fasting glucose and insulin with CVD outcomes.

resultsIn observational analysis, diabetes was associated with a greater excess risk for CHD in females than in males (female-to-male ratio of hazard ratios 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.21]). The association of HbA1c with CVD outcomes was similar in both sexes. In MR, the relationship between genetic liability to diabetes and CHD was similar in females and males (female-to-male ratio of odds ratios 0.98 [95% CI 0.91, 1.05]). No sex differences were found for the association between diabetes and stroke in both observational and MR analyses. Moreover, MR results on HbA1c, fasting glucose and fasting insulin were similar for females and males.

conclusionThis study suggests that causal effects of diabetes and glycaemic traits on CVD are similar in females and males.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseCardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AgedBiological Specimen BanksFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansInsulinMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisMiddle AgedSex FactorsUK BiobankUnited KingdomBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanInsulincardiovascular diseasediabetesglycaemic traitsMendelian randomisationrisk factorssex differences

Identifiers

PMID40259500
PMCPMC12146462

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.