ArticlePsychological research2025
Is letter position coding a unique skill for developing and adult readers in early word processing? Evidence from masked priming.
Article in Psychological research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Flexible Coding of Morpheme Position Information in Tibetan Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring the Character Transposition Effect and Locus in Chinese Word Recognition: Evidence from Left-Right Visual Field Processing in Primary School Children.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The flexible encoding of syllable positions in Korean Hangul.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- How time shapes letter position flexibility: Testing positional uncertainty and open bigram accounts.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Reading words in alphabetic scripts requires encoding the relative order of the letters. This process of letter position coding is known to be flexible. For instance, the masked transposed-letter prime jugde activates the word JUDGE to a greater degree than a replacement-letter prime like jupte, a phenomenon known as the transposed-letter effect. In this study, we investigated whether the transposed-letter effect in masked priming is related to reading skills (as measured by a standardized reading test) in a sample of sixth-grade children. Targets (e.g., RITME: Catalan for rhythm) were preceded by identity primes (ritme), transposed-letter primes (rimte), or replacement-letter primes (risle) in a sandwich priming paradigm. Results showed that transposed-letter primes were more effective than replacement-letter primes but less effective than identity primes. More importantly, while the readers' reading skills modulated overall latency and accuracy, we found no evidence that the participants' reading skill modulated the size of the priming effects. This outcome prompted us to re-analyze analogous conditions in a masked priming mega-study with approximately 1000 adult participants (Adelman et al. Behav Res Methods 46(4):1052-1067, 2014), where we found a near-zero correlation between the size of transposed-letter priming and spelling and vocabulary tests. These findings suggest that if there are individual differences in the first moments of word processing, these are not detectable for neurotypical readers in laboratory tasks.
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