ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Efficiently Modulate the Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Cancer Cells.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Silver Nanoparticles as Anticancer Agents: Mechanisms Insight, Current Studies, and Limitations.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The potential role of silver nanoparticles in the tongue wound healing.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Medical importance and pharmacokinetics of gold nanoparticles in the human body.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Multifunctional gold nanoparticles: bridging detection, diagnosis, and targeted therapy in cancer.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Macrophages, polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 states, are essential cellular elements of innate immunity. In the tumor microenvironment, owing to a paracrine manipulative program by cancerous cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) evolve, which can shift between M1-like and M2-like phenotypes. Since it is fairly unknown how the promising anticancer agents, silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affect the bidirectional communication and reprogramming in the tumor stroma, we examined the behavior, the tumor-supporting functions, and the expression of polarization and functional marker genes of TAMs to reveal how these are modulated upon interaction with nanoparticle-exposed cancer cells. Methods: We established co-cultures of murine immortalized J774 or primary bone marrow-derived macrophages with 4T1 breast cancer cells treated with AuNPs or AgNPs or with none of the nanoparticles. We assessed the expression of macrophage polarization and functional markers using RT-qPCR and Proteome Profiler Array and evaluated macrophage migration and matrix metalloproteinase activity by specific assays. Results: Protein and mRNA levels of most examined factors - except tumor necrosis factor-alpha - such as C-C-motif chemokine ligands 2 and 22, interleukin-23, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, the macrophage mannose receptor CD206, transforming growth factor-beta, and chitinase-like-3 protein decreased, and the expression of polarization markers revealed a shift towards M1-like phenotype in macrophages co-cultured with AgNP- or AuNP-treated 4T1 cells. Both nanoparticle treatments reduced the levels and activity of cell migration-related factors, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 3, matrix metalloproteinases, and suppressed macrophage migration. Conclusion: Both AuNPs and AgNPs showed a remarkable ability to influence macrophage-cancer cell communication, suppressed indirectly M2-like TAM polarization, and perturbed the migration behavior of TAMs that is critical for tumor invasion, indicating modulated immunological functions and debilitated cancer-promoting capabilities of TAMs in this microenvironment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.