ReviewEndocrine oncology (Bristol, England)2025
HHLA2: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in endocrine-related cancer.
Review in Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emerging immune checkpoint targets and combination strategies in blood cancer immunotherapy.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- The metastatic spectrum in functional and non-functional NENs: mechanistic insights from multi-omics.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Unlocking new frontiers: novel immune targets for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.Korean journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating 2 (HHLA2), a member of the B7 family, is widely expressed across human cancers and is emerging as a promising immune checkpoint target for therapeutic development. This study aims to consolidate existing data on HHLA2 expression in endocrine-related cancers and evaluate its potential as a prognostic biomarker. Methods: Original studies published in English up to December 2024 were searched using PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases. Search strategies combined MeSH terms and keywords related to 'HHLA2', 'B7-H7', 'B7y', 'B7-H5' and 'cancer', with a specific focus on endocrine-related cancers. Results: From a total of 117 studies reviewed, twelve met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies on pancreatic cancer indicated varied HHLA2 expression patterns, with high expression levels associated with better prognosis and improved overall survival. In ovarian cancer, one study suggested that high HHLA2 expression in tumor cells could predict improved survival. In contrast, another study linked HHLA2 to lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival, observing high expression only in stromal cells. On the other hand, studies on thyroid cancer and neuroendocrine tumors highlighted HHLA2's significance in disease progression, indicating poor prognosis and its association with metastasis. Conclusion: HHLA2 plays dual roles, exhibiting both immunosuppressive and tumor-suppressive functions in endocrine-related tumors, with its expression possibly influenced by the tumor microenvironment. This highlights its promise as an immune checkpoint biomarker and therapeutic target. The collective data from this review provide insights for future research endeavors in HHLA2-associated oncology.
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