ArticleScientific reports2025
Prognostic impact of extracellular volume fraction derived from equilibrium contrast-enhanced CT in HCC patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early recurrence prediction and risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization achieving imaging complete response based on contrast-enhanced CT machine learning.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Article
- CT-derived tumor extracellular volume fraction for predicting recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Article
- Application value of CT-based extracellular volume fraction in assessing microsatellite status in colorectal cancer.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Review
- The Predictive Value of Extracellular Volume Fraction Derived from Enhanced CT Combined with Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index for Tumor Budding in Rectal Cancer.Technology in cancer research & treatmentArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether extracellular volume (ECV) fraction derived from equilibration contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) affects prognosis in HCC patients receiving ICIs. This retrospective study ultimately included 211 HCC patients undergoing ICIs, of whom 60 were included in an internal validation to assess the reproducibility of the results. Baseline unenhanced and equilibrated CECT were used to measure CT values of the tumor, liver and aorta, which were combined with hematocrit to calculate the ECV fraction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the association between tumor ECV and liver ECV fractions. The effects of clinical variables and ECV fraction on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier curves. Of these 151 patients, tumor ECV fraction positively correlated with liver ECV fraction. In the Lower tumor ECV group, PFS (5.6 vs. 7.6 months) and OS (10.5 vs. 15.5 months) were notably shorter than in the Higher tumor ECV group, while no significant differences were found between the Higher and Lower liver ECV groups. Furthermore, the multivariable Cox regression model demonstrated that higher tumor ECV fraction level was an independent protective factor for PFS and OS (all P < 0.001). Internal validation cohort preliminary demonstrated reproducibility of results. The tumor ECV fraction is expected to become a routine indicator before ICIs therapy for HCC patients in contrast to liver ECV fraction, contributing to their subsequent management.
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