ATMO: an aerially transforming morphobot for dynamic ground-aerial transition.

Designing ground-aerial robots is challenging due to the increased actuation requirements which can lead to added weight and reduced locomotion efficiency. Morphobots mitigate this by combining actuators into multi-functional groups and leveraging ground transformation to achieve different locomotion modes. However, transforming on the ground requires dealing with the complexity of ground-vehicle interactions during morphing, limiting applicability on rough terrain. Mid-air transformation offers a solution to this issue but demands operating near or beyond actuator limits while managing complex aerodynamic forces. We address this problem by introducing the Aerially Transforming Morphobot (ATMO), a robot which transforms near the ground achieving smooth transition between aerial and ground modes. To achieve this, we leverage the near ground aerodynamics, uncovered by experimental load cell testing, and stabilize the system using a model-predictive controller that adapts to ground proximity and body shape. The system is validated through numerous experimental demonstrations. We find that ATMO can land smoothly at body postures past its actuator saturation limits by virtue of the uncovered ground-effect.