ArticleEuropean archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry2025
The impact of maternal stress on non-syndromic clefts: a retrospective case-control study.
Article in European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo assess the effect of COVID-19 related maternal psychological stress (MS) in the first trimester of pregnancy on non-syndromic orofacial-clefts (NSOFCs).
methodsThis retrospective case-control cross-sectional study included infants who were born during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sample size was determined based on differences in MS and their effect on clefts etiology. Infants were divided into two groups: cases (with NSOFCs) and controls (healthy); two controls were selected for each case, matched by gender and residence. Data was collected from mothers through phone-based questionnaires which consisted of three parts: demographics, risk factors, and maternal stress using the Life Events Questionnaire (LEQ) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Descriptive statistics, correlations and logistic regression were done, level of significance was set at (P ≤ 0.05).
resultsThe final sample included 192 infants: (64 cases, 128 controls), mostly females, born full-term, with normal weight (55.2%, 72.9%, and 62.5%, respectively). Mothers ages were 19-41 years. Prevalence of NSOFCs was 1.41 birth per 1000 live births. The LEQ showed that changing residence (P = 0.012) and overall stress (P = 0.019) were significant factors for mothers in both groups. Regression analysis showed that low gestational age of the infant (P = 0.009), lack of folic acid intake during the first trimester (P = 0.037), parental consanguinity (P = 0.019) and maternal stress due to COVID-19 pandemic (P = 0.039) were risk factors for NSOFCs.
conclusionDespite limitations of reliance on self-reported MS, this study suggests that maternal stress is a risk factor for NSOFCs. More studies need to be conducted addressing MS during prenatal and perinatal periods.
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