ArticleBMC genomics2025
Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis.
Article in BMC genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genomic and pan-genomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis B13 provide insights into biosynthetic potential and genetic traits associated with environmental adaptation.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- Research Progress on the Effect ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Strategies to prevent cross-transmission of multidrug-resistant microorganisms in intensive care units: A narrative review.Journal of intensive medicine · 2026Review
- Genomic Insights into Antimicrobial Biosynthetic Potential ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Probiotic-based therapeutics for a One Health future: redefining antibiotic dependency to combat antimicrobial resistance.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Probiotic-Based Cleaning Solutions: From Research Hypothesis to Infection Control Applications.Biology · 2025Review
- Probiotic-Based Approaches for Sustainable Control of Infectious Risk in Mass Transport: Current Data and Future Perspectives.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHealthcare-associated infections (HAIs) caused by microbes that acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represent an increasing threat to human health worldwide. The high use of chemical disinfectants aimed at reducing the presence of pathogens in the hospital environment can simultaneously favor the selection of resistant strains, potentially worsening AMR concerns. In the search for sustainable ways to control bioburden without affecting this aspect, probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) using Bacillus spp. was proposed to achieve stable reduction of pathogens, AMR, and associated HAIs. Although Bacillus probiotics are classified as nonpathogenic, comprehensive data about the potential genetic alterations of these probiotics following prolonged contact with surrounding pathogens are not yet available. This study aimed to assess in depth the genetic content of PBS-Bacillus isolates to evaluate any eventual variations that occurred during their usage.
resultsWGS analysis was used for the precise identification of PBS-Bacillus species and detailed profiling of their SNPs, resistome, virulome, and mobilome. Analyses were conducted on both the original PBS detergent and 172 environmental isolates from eight hospitals sanitized with PBS over a 30-month period. The two species B. subtilis and B. velezensis were identified in both the original product and the hospital environment, and SNP analysis revealed the presence of two clusters in each species. No virulence/resistance genes or mobile conjugative plasmids were detected in either the original PBS-Bacillus strain or any of the analyzed environmental isolates, confirming their high genetic stability and their low/no tendency to be involved in horizontal gene transfer events.
conclusionsThe data obtained by metagenomic analysis revealed the absence of genetic sequences associated with PBS-Bacillus and the lack of alterations in all the environmental isolates analyzed, despite their continuous contact with surrounding pathogens. These results support the safety of the Bacillus species analyzed. Further metagenomic studies aimed at profiling the whole genomes of these and other species of Bacillus, possibly during longer periods and under stress conditions, would be of interest since they may provide further confirmation of their stability and safety.
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