Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40249825›Full record

ArticleScience advances2025

Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale.

James Fong, Hannah K Doyle, Congli Wang, Alexandra E Boehm, Sofie R Herbeck, Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan, Brian P Schmidt, Pavan Tiruveedhula, John E Vanston, William S Tuten and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Revealing the benefit of eye motion for acuity under emulated cone loss.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

James FongDepartment of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-5106-8404
Hannah K DoyleDepartment of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-3101-8588
Congli WangDepartment of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3112-2820
Alexandra E BoehmHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Sofie R HerbeckDepartment of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-2044-7895
Vimal Prabhu PandiyanDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6996-0355
Brian P SchmidtHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3460-0605
Pavan TiruveedhulaHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-5672-4046
John E VanstonHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
William S TutenHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3856-017X
Ramkumar SabesanDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0895-7037
Austin RoordaHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3785-0848
Ren NgDepartment of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-2207-021X

Funding

Advanced Technology to Study Visual Function on a Cellular ScaleR01EY023591 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI DUNCAN, JACQUE LYNNE, ROORDA, AUSTIN · 2014 to 2023
$11.2M
Optoretinography: All-optical measures of functional activity in the human retinaU01EY032055 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI PALANKER, DANIEL V, ROORDA, AUSTIN · 2021 to 2025
$5.2M
Photoreceptor mosaic in health and diseaseR01EY029710 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Ramkumar Sabesan · 2019 to 2026
$2.9M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY023591NEI NIH HHS R01 EY029710NEI NIH HHS U01 EY032055
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We introduce a principle, Oz, for displaying color imagery: directly controlling the human eye's photoreceptor activity via cell-by-cell light delivery. Theoretically, novel colors are possible through bypassing the constraints set by the cone spectral sensitivities and activating M cone cells exclusively. In practice, we confirm a partial expansion of colorspace toward that theoretical ideal. Attempting to activate M cones exclusively is shown to elicit a color beyond the natural human gamut, formally measured with color matching by human subjects. They describe the color as blue-green of unprecedented saturation. Further experiments show that subjects perceive Oz colors in image and video form. The prototype targets laser microdoses to thousands of spectrally classified cones under fixational eye motion. These results are proof-of-principle for programmable control over individual photoreceptors at population scale.

Indexed as

Color PerceptionRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsAdultColorHumansMalePhotic Stimulation

Identifiers

PMID40249825
PMCPMC12007580

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.