ArticleNature microbiology2025
Dairy cows develop protective immunity against reinfection with bovine H5N1 influenza virus.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mammary Gland Tropism and Milk-Mediated Transmission of H5N1 in Dairy Cattle: Implications for One Health Surveillance.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Assessment of Humoral Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 H5 HA Influenza Vaccine for Dairy Cattle.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Isolation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus from Fetal Bovine Serum, United States, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Bovine-derived H5N1 influenza virus efficiently infects lactating swine via the mammary gland.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dairy cows infected with influenza A(H5N1) reveals low infectious dose and transmission barriers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mammary and respiratory infection of sheep with H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses with milk-mediated transmission to lambs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Evaluation of beta-propiolactone and AVL-ethanol inactivation protocols for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in allantoic fluid and cell culture.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Dairy Sites with Milk Exposure Are Most Likely to Have Detection of Influenza A Virus.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in dry Jersey cows following intramammary inoculation shows within-host compartmentalization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 could impact the dairy cattle sector and the broader economy in the United States.Communications earth & environment · 2026Article
- Protective Efficacy of a Hemagglutinin-Based mRNA Vaccine Against H5N1 Influenza Virus Challenge in Lactating Dairy Cows.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Modeling of H5N1 influenza virus kinetics during dairy cattle infection suggests the timing of infectiousness.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Experimental infection and viral pathogenesis of a human isolate of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza strain in Jersey cows.npj veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Influenza infection of the mammary gland.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Dairy Environments with Milk Exposure are Most Likely to Have Detection of Influenza A Virus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and safety of a rabies-based highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 vaccine in cattle.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- T Cell Responses to Influenza Infections in Cattle.Viruses · 2025Review
- The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: implications for public health, animal health, and pandemic preparedness.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Review
- Evidence of Viremia in Dairy Cows Naturally Infected with Influenza A Virus, California, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cows causes severe mastitis and milk production losses. Whether cows can develop protective immunity is unclear. Here we infected three lactating cows with HPAI H5N1 genotype B3.13 via the hindquarters of the udder to mimic intra-mammary infection. Inoculated cows displayed clinical responses consistent with affected dairy herds in the United States including virus shedding almost exclusively in inoculated hindquarters that peaked between Days 2-4 post inoculation and gradually declined by Day 21. Histologically, peak virus shedding in milk corresponded with severe acute necrotic mastitis in the inoculated hindquarters but not in the uninoculated forequarters. Two cows were reinfected with HPAI H5N1 virus at unaffected forequarters following resolution of infection. Secondary inoculation did not result in clinical manifestations or virus shedding in milk. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected at Day 14 post inoculation in milk with higher titres observed in the inoculated hindquarters relative to the forequarters. We also detected HPAI H5N1 viral RNA in air samples from animal rooms during routine husbandry activity. These data indicate that primary infection via intra-mammary inoculation can generate protective immunity against bovine HPAI H5N1 virus in dairy cows.
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