ArticleNPJ vaccines2025
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles of mRNA vaccines elicit NF-κB and IRF responses through toll-like receptor 4.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Overcoming hepatic tropism: Precision engineering of lipid nanoparticles for extrahepatic RNA delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Bioactive lipid-derived nanoparticles for RNA delivery.Materials today (Kidlington, England) · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal control of STING activation and saRNA delivery decouples humoral and cellular immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Charge-switching ionizable lipids lower the toxicity of lipid nanoparticles.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
- Lipid nanoparticles as active biointerfaces: From membrane interaction to systemic dysregulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Rewiring immunity with in vivo CAR T cell engineering.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Polystyrene Nanoplastics Drive β-Cell Dedifferentiation Through Dendritic Cell-Intrinsic MHC-I-Dependent Inflammatory Crosstalk.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Delivery of Self-Amplifying RNA: Balancing Inflammation and Durable Transgene Expression.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Defining Composition-Cytokine Relationships Enables the Design of Lipid Nanoparticles with Programmed Immunogenicity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Extreme PTH-Independent Hypercalcemia Mediated by a Rare Non-Osteoclastic Osteolysis Mechanism in Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Biclonal IgA Multiple Myeloma: Temporal Association with the Second Dose of Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Precision engineering of macrophage reprogramming with RNA interference-loaded lipid nanoparticles: a game-changer in cancer immunotherapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Empty/Hollow Nanoparticles as Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Septic Shock.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Analytical Characterization and Stability Assessment of RNA-Based Vaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Programming the immunological properties of mRNA vaccines for cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Rational Design and Development of Organic Afterglow Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Interventions.Small methods · 2026Review
- Decoding Undesirable Inflammatory Responses of Nucleic Acid-Delivering Lipid Nanoparticles.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Messenger RNA Vaccines.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Gene therapy for liver diseases: methods, challenges and opportunities.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Next-generation neoantigen mRNA vaccines: Immuno-engineering strategies for precision cancer immunotherapy.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Age-related differences in mRNA vaccine immunogenicity and adjuvancy.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNP) that have enabled the success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have been shown to be immunostimulatory in the absence of mRNA. However, the mechanisms through which they activate innate immune cells is incompletely understood. Using a monocyte cell line, we compared the ability of three LNP formulations to activate transcription factors Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF). Comparison of signaling in knockout cell lines illustrated a role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in initiation of this signaling cascade and the contribution of the ionizable lipid component. Activation induced by empty LNPs was similar to that induced by LNPs containing mRNA, indicating that LNPs may provide the majority of innate stimulation for the mRNA vaccine platform. Our findings demonstrate that ionizable lipids within LNPs signal through TLR4 to activate NF-κB and IRF, identifying a mechanism for innate activation that can be optimized for adjuvant design.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.