Minimizing Energy Demand in the Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ‑Valerolactone via Photothermal Catalysis Using Raney Ni.

The valorization of lignocellulosic wastes emerges as a prime strategy to mitigate the global carbon footprint. Among the multiple biomass derivatives, γ-valerolactone is particularly attractive as precursor of high-value chemicals, biofuel, green solvent or perfumery. γ-Valerolactone can be synthesized through a hydrogenation reaction from levulinic acid, obtained from cellulose. However, the high energy requirements of this synthetic pathway have hindered its industrial viability. To drastically reduce the reaction energy requirements, here a novel synthetic strategy, based on solvothermal-photothermal processes using cost-effective Raney-Ni as photothermal catalyst, is proposed. First, the use of hydrogen gas is avoided by selecting isopropanol as a safer and greener H-source. Second, a photothermocatalytic process is used to minimize the reaction temperature and time with respect to conventional reactions. This approach exploits the broadband optical absorption of the Raney®-Ni, due to its highly damped plasmonic behavior, to achieve fast and efficient catalyst heating inside the reactor. The photothermal reaction required less than 2 h and just 132 °C to reach over 95% conversion, thereby drastically reducing the reaction time and energy consumption compared to conventional reactions. Importantly, these conditions granted high catalyst reusability. This solvothermal-photothermal approach could offer a sustainable alternative for the industrial production of γ-valerolactone.