ArticleBJPsych open2025
Diverging cognitive benefits from education between rural and urban middle-aged and older adults in the USA.
Article in BJPsych open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSubjective cognitive decline (SCD) is defined as self-reported increase in confusion or memory loss. There is limited research on the interplay between rural-urban residence and education on SCD.
aimsExamine rural-urban differences in SCD, and whether education moderates this relationship.
methodRespondents aged ≥45 years were queried about SCD in the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, creating a sample size of 63 890. A logistic regression analysed the association between rural-urban residence and SCD, and moderation was tested by an interaction with education.
resultsSCD was more common among rural (12.0%) compared with urban (10.7%) residents. Rural residence was associated with 9% significantly higher odds of SCD compared with urban residence after adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.09,
conclusionsRural setting and lower education were associated with higher odds of SCD, but higher education was protective for only urban residents. These results indicate that higher education may be a gateway for more opportunities and resources in urban settings, with cascading impacts on cognition. Future research should examine reasons for the diverging cognitive benefits from education depending on rural-urban residence.
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