ArticleSubstance use & addiction journal2025
Patterns of Drugs Involved in Fatal Overdose and Demographic Correlates: A Latent Class Analysis of Polysubstance-Involved Deaths in the Urban Midwest.
Article in Substance use & addiction journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- "Another one bite the dust-It happens so much in Black neighborhoods": Structural barriers and grassroots resources among Black men who use drugs facing fentanyl-era overdose and treatment disparities.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Transcription factors implicated in substance use disorder, from immediate early genes to altered gene expression.Brain research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFentanyl contributes to the majority of overdose deaths in the United States but the risk of fatal overdose increases when other substances are involved. Although polysubstance overdose involving fentanyl and stimulants has been characterized as increasing nationally and in urban coastal cities, little is known about patterns of drugs involved in fatal overdose in the urban Midwest.
methodsThe current study examined drug-involved death data from St. Louis City and County. Cases included were drug overdose deaths occurring from 2016 to 2021 (N = 4088; 73% male; 50% white, 49% black). Latent class analysis was used to examine prototypical patterns and demographic associations.
resultsResults indicated fentanyl was involved in the majority (75.0%) of overdose deaths. A five-class solution best fit the data, characterized by deaths involving: predominant fentanyl (48.5%), fentanyl and heroin (20.0%), fentanyl and psychostimulants (12.8%), prescription opioid/undifferentiated (10.6%), and predominant cocaine (8.0%). Relative to predominant fentanyl, decedents in the fentanyl and heroin class and predominant cocaine class were more likely to be black (
conclusionsFindings diverge from previous research and national patterns highlighting the importance of local data for informing health care and policy in mid-sized and Midwest cities. Overdose prevention that addresses both intentional ingestion and unintentional ingestion of fentanyl with other substances, particularly stimulants, are warranted as its ubiquity in the drug supply persists.
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