ArticleAnnals of medicine2025
Methodological limitations and confounders in dermal toxicity evaluation of aqueous test substance by OECD technical guidelines 402, 410: our experience of testing ethanol based hand sanitizer.
Article in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Wound-Healing Efficacy ofFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn view of overzealous use of Alcohol based hand sanitizer (ABHS) during COVID-19 pandemic and associated alarming rise in the cases of hand eczema and dermatitis around the world. We conducted an
aimsTo evaluate acute and subacute dermal toxicity due to ethanol based hand sanitizer (EBHS) on Sprague Dawley rats.
methodsIn first phase, following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Technical Guidelines (TG) 402, we conducted acute dermal toxicity study with two rats and EBHS containing 72.34% ethanol. In second phase, sub-acute dermal toxicity study was conducted, following OECD TG 410 with five groups of rats (10 animals of either sexes in each group) at various doses.
resultsIn both the studies, no erythema, oedema, and eschar was observed. Although no clinical signs of toxicity were observed in both the studies, one death was encountered in subacute study. Macroscopically skin was normal; however, microscopic changes such as hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, erosion, and extracellular oedema in epidermis and diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration in dermis was observed, suggestive of spongiotic dermatitis and 'clinic-pathological discordance'. However, attributing this changes to ethanol is difficult due to methodological limitations and confounders.
conclusionIn both the studies, ethanol based hand sanitizer (EBHS) was found to be non-irritant with LD
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