Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40242066›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Sexually Transmitted Infections Among People who Inject Drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region.

Carrie L Nacht, Steffanie A Strathdee, Alicia Harvey-Vera, Carlos F Vera, Gudelia Rangel, Jeffrey D Klausner, Irina Artamonova, Daniela Abramovitz, Britt Skaathun

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Carrie L NachtHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-3034
Steffanie A StrathdeeDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7724-691X
Alicia Harvey-VeraDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8708-8169
Carlos F VeraDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Gudelia RangelDepartamento de Estudios de Poblacion, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.
Jeffrey D KlausnerDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Irina ArtamonovaDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Daniela AbramovitzDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2969-7193
Britt SkaathunDivision of Infections Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-3612

Funding

Training Program in Substance Use, HIV and Related InfectionsT32DA023356 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Natasha Martin, Steffanie A Strathdee · 2007 to 2026
$7.8M
Leveraging Networks, Epidemiology, and Epidemic Modeling: Creative Approaches for HIV EliminationK01DA049665 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SKAATHUN, BRITT · 2019 to 2023
$947k
Opportunities for HIV PrEP engagement using interconnected social and molecular network data through the characterization of high-risk Neisseria gonorrhoeae clustersR21AI167889 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SKAATHUN, BRITT · 2022 to 2023
$435k
Social networks and STIs as an indicator of potential HIV transmission and acquisition among PWIDR03DA057142 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SKAATHUN, BRITT · 2022 to 2023
$316k
NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI167889NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA049665NIDA NIH HHS R03 DA057142NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA023356
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Few estimates exist of the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and associated risk factors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the San Diego-Tijuana border region, despite the high prevalence of HIV. Methods: PWID living in San Diego or Tijuana underwent testing for bacterial STIs between December 2022 and February 2024. Urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydia infections were assessed using a urine test, the Aptima CT/GC assay. Syphilis was assessed using the treponemal Syphilis Health Check Rapid Point-of-Care assay and nontreponemal rapid plasma reagin Results: Of 519 participants, 6.0% (95% CI, 3.9%-8.0%) tested positive for 1 or more bacterial STIs. Despite higher HIV prevalence in Tijuana, bacterial STIs were more prevalent in San Diego. Unstable housing, female birth, and US residency were associated with significantly higher adjusted odds of a bacterial STI compared with the reference groups (aOR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.09-6.27; aOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.15-5.08; and OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.03-7.53; respectively). Conclusions: Overall prevalence of bacterial STIs was consistent with other estimates of STIs among PWID in the United States. STI screening guidelines should recommend PWID for routine testing at least annually. Point-of-care testing should be expanded to increase access to STI screening and treatment for marginalized populations.

Indexed as

border healthMexicopeople who inject drugssexually transmitted infectionsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40242066
PMCPMC12001344

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.