SynthesisJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026
The Perpetual Cycle of Racial Bias in Healthcare and Healthcare Education: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding and Mitigating Bias From Artificial Intelligence in Otolaryngology: A State-of-the-Art Review.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026Review
- Reproductive coercion, medical mistrust, and Black women's health from the antebellum period to the 21International journal for equity in health · 2025Review
- Exploring deep brain stimulation willingness in Black individuals with Parkinson's disease.Equity neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis systematic review aimed to identify and categorise racial bias in healthcare and education; evaluate their impact on healthcare practitioners, students, and patients; and explore strategies to reduce these biases and improve health equity.
methodA systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to investigate racial bias in healthcare and healthcare education. Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and CINAHL. Identification of additional papers was completed by employing backward and forward snowballing techniques. Rigorous interprofessional multi-reviewer screening and data extraction processes were performed. Thematic analysis was conducted inductively and collaboratively refined, with disagreements resolved through discussion and a third reviewer confirming resolutions as an additional quality assurance measure.
resultsFrom an initial pool of 1634 records, 45 studies were included in the final review. The studies employed various designs, primarily cross-sectional, with most conducted in the United States of America. Five themes emerged: disparities in healthcare access and/or provision, perceived discrimination and/or medical mistrust, provider bias and/or stereotyping, disparities in education and training, and healthcare literature disparities.
conclusionsThe findings suggest significant racial disparities across multiple medical specialties, including maternal and infant healthcare, chronic disease management, and emergency care. The review also highlights the underrepresentation of racial minorities in medical imagery and educational materials, contributing to implicit bias and inadequate training for healthcare providers. Overall, the five identified themes appear interconnected, forming a self-reinforcing cycle of racial bias in healthcare and education.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.