SynthesisPediatrics2025
Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Effectiveness of Parent-Targeted Digital Health Interventions on Breastfeeding Practices: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Determinants of early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding: a qualitative meta-synthesis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in Tanzania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Disease Activity During Pregnancy and Postpartum in Women With Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Ocrelizumab or Rituximab Before Pregnancy.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Three Decades of Socioeconomic Inequality in India's Breastfeeding Indicators, 1993-2021.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- The Baby-Friendly Community and Health Services Initiative Within the Joint Action PreventNCD: Rationale, Structure and Methodology.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Effect of breastfeeding on cardiometabolic risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Observational
- Incidence and determinants of antibiotic use by age two: a prospective cohort study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Promotion of long-term health in early life.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children of Women Taking Antiseizure Medications.JAMA network open · 2026Observational
- Trends in 1-Month Breastfeeding Before, During, and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in Japan.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global trends, projections, and inequalities in neonatal sudden infant death syndrome mortality attributable to risk factors from 1990 to 2021.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Optimizing Feeding Practices Improves Outcomes During Early Childhood in Former Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Infants.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Association of early childhood lifestyle patterns with overweight in preschoolers and timing of adiposity rebound.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2026Article
- Early-life Gut Microbiota and Allergic Diseases: Immune Regulatory Mechanisms and Intervention Progress.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Breastfeeding at one year after birth: duration and associated factors in primiparous women in Sweden - a longitudinal study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Dental Caries: Evidence from Birth Cohort Studies in Australia and Brazil.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Environmental Determinants of Pediatric Obesity: An Epidemiological Review.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextOur understanding of the benefits of breastfeeding and the consumption of human milk for specific infant outcomes and the magnitude of those benefits continues to evolve.
objectiveReview the evidence on the association between breastfeeding and child health outcomes. DATA SOURCES: Systematic literature searches in MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL for English-language articles published from 2006 to August 14, 2024. STUDY SELECTION: Existing systematic reviews (ESRs) and primary studies comparing various breastfeeding exposures and child health outcomes among term infants in developed countries. DATA EXTRACTION: Abstracted data on study design, demographics, breastfeeding exposures and referents, and outcomes. Results of ESRs were synthesized alongside those of newer primary studies.
resultsTwenty-nine ESRs and 145 primary studies were included. An association indicating a reduced risk from more vs less breastfeeding was apparent for moderate-to-severe respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, otitis media, allergic rhinitis, asthma, malocclusion, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, rapid weight gain and growth, obesity, high systolic blood pressure, childhood leukemia, and infant mortality. There was no clear threshold of breastfeeding duration that appeared to be most beneficial for any outcome. There were few data on whether associations varied by mode of breastfeeding or source of breast milk. LIMITATIONS: Observational studies with risks of bias related to confounding, missing data, and a lack of consistency in measurement and reporting of breastfeeding exposures.
conclusionsBreastfeeding is associated with beneficial effects for several infant and child outcomes. Further research that addresses the limitations of existing studies is needed to continue to inform national initiatives.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.